STUDY QUESTIONS
Urinary System
Answers are provided below
each question
1. Most reabsorption of substances from the
glomerular filtrate occurs in the:
A. glomerulus B. collecting tubule
C.
proximal convoluted tubule D. ureter E. distal convoluted tubule.
2. Under normal circumstances, the kidneys produce
about _____ liters of glomerular filtrate per day.
A. 1,000 B. 180 C. 110 D. 7.5
E. 1 to 2.
3. As the renal artery approaches the kidney, it
branches to supply the renal glomeruli. Place the following in the correct
sequence starting from the renal artery.
A. (2,1,3,4) B. (2,3, 1,4) C. (1,3,4,2)
D.
(4,3,1,2) E. (3,1,2,4)
4. ADH is produced in the:
A. Juxtaglomerular cells B. anterior pituitary gland C. adrenal cortex D. hypothalamus E. posterior pituitary gland.
5. When ADH levels in the blood are high, the
collecting ducts are:
A. very impermeable to water B. very permeable to protein molecules C. very permeable to water D. very permeable to sodium and chloride ions E. none of the preceding.
6. Given the following conditions:
Capsular hydrostatic pressure = 15 mm Hg Glomerular plasma osmotic pressure = 25 mm Glomerular hydrostatic pressure = 75 mm Hg
What is the NET FILTRATION RATE?
A. 35 mm Hg B. 85 mm Hg C. 65 mm Hg
D. 115 mm
Hg
7. The renal cortex contains:
A. renal pyramids B. papillae C. calyces
D.
none of the preceding.
MATCHING: Match the following structures (Items A through
D) and descriptions.
A. proximal convoluted tubule B. descending limb of the nephron loop C. collecting duct D. ascending limb of the nephron loop.
8. Active transport of sodium; water follows
passively 9. Active transport of sodium; impermeable to water 10. passively permeable to water 11. passively permeable to water under ADH stimulation.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the best answer.
12. The appearance of glucose in the urine:
A. occurs normally B. is a result of overproduction of angiotensin II C. is a result of hypoglycemia D. occurs when the transport carriers for glucose become saturated E. two of the above.
13. The urinary bladder:
A. has bundles of skeletal muscle in its wall B. is connected to the exterior by the ureter C. is innervated by the cranial accessory nerve (XI) D. is located posterior to the pubic symphysis E. all of the above.
14. In the proximal convoluted tubule, chloride
ions are reabsorbed because of:
A. active transport B. their involvement in calcium retention C. the electrical attraction of sodium ions D. the high osmotic gradient E. all of the preceding.
15. Which of the following promotes sodium
retention and potassium loss from the blood across: the wall of the wall of the
distal convoluted tubule?
A. renin B. angiotensin II C. aldosterone
D.
angiotensin I E. ADH.
16. The process of micturition or urination:
A. involves relaxation of the detrusor muscle B. requires contraction of the external urethral muscle C. is a reflex involving sacral segments of the spinal cord D. all of the above.
17. Granular (juxtaglomerular cells) secrete
_____
when there is a fall in _____ ion concentration.
A. renin / chloride B. carbonic anhydrase / sodium C. ATPase / potassium D. renin / sodium E. carbonic anhydrase / carbon dioxide.
MATCHING. What type of epithelium forms the
lining of the following structures? (Note: Items A through E may be used more
than once or not at all.)
A) stratified squamous epithelium B) transitional epithelium C) simple ciliated columnar epithelium D) simple cuboidal epithelium E) simple squamous epithelium.
25. The region of the distal convoluted tubule in
contact with the granular cells of the afferent arteriole is called the macula
dense 26. Within each kidney, the interlobar veins empty their blood into the renal
vein 27. In the female urinary system, the urethral orifice is situated posterior to
the vaginal orifice 28. Natriuretic hormone is produced by cells in the kidneys. 29. Incontinence refers to the inability to control micturition 30. The term cystitis refers to an infection of the urinary bladder 31. The apical membrane of the proximal convoluted tubule cells is impermeable
to bicarbonate ions.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
If you took a drug that inhibited the reabsorbtion of Na+ in
the PCT, you would:
Have an increased urine output
Have a decreased urine output
Have a decreased plasma [bilirubin] and become jaundiced
Have decreased absorption of fats and have grey-white feces
Podocytes make up the:
Visceral layer of the nephron
Visceral layer of the glomerulus
Visceral layer of the renal capsule
Visceral layer of the Bowman's Capsule
Glucose is:
Filtered, reabsorbed, and secreted
Filtered, and reabsorbed, but not secreted
Filtered, and secreted, but not reabsorbed
Filtered, and neither secreted nor reabsorbed
If MAP increased from 120 mmHg to 210 mmHg, GFR would most likely
____________.
Typically, as GFR increases, the [Na+] of the filtrate
reaching the DCT will ______________.
What would happen to the GFR if the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the
fluid in the capsular space increased?
GFR would increase
GFR would decrease
GFR would not change
Place the following in the correct sequence from the initial formation
of urine to its elimination from the body.
Major calyx
Minor calyx
Nephron
Urethra
Ureter
Collecting duct
While the kidneys process about 180L of blood-derived fluids per day,
the amount that actually leaves the body is:
50%, or 90L
100%, or 180L
10%, or 18L
1%, or 1.8L
The ____________ artery sits on the boundary between the cortex and the
medulla of the kidney.
Lobar
Interlobar
Arcuate
Segmental
The fluid in the capsular space is similar to plasma except that it does
not contain a significant amount of:
Glucose
Sodium
H+
Albumin
True or False: Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to
lower blood pressure during stress.
True or False: Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.
Aldosterone causes:
Decreased K+ in the urine
Increased Na+ in the urine
Increased urine output
Decreased urine output
Creatinine is a:
Chemical that is typically not secreted
Substance typically found in greater amounts in renal arteries than
in renal veins
Building block for complex carbohydrates
2 of the above are correct
During reabsorption, Na+ crosses the apical walls of the
proximal tubule cells into the interstitial fluid principally by means of:
Phagocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Simple diffusion
Active transport
Which of the following is not one of the 3 external coverings of the
kidney?
Renal capsule
Adipose capsule
Renal fascia
Renal adventitia
The micturition center is located in the:
Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum
Basal Ganglia
The vasa recta creates the osmotic gradient in the kidney's medulla.
This statement is true
This statement is false because the PCT creates the gradient
This statement is false because the DCT creates the gradient
This statement is false because the loop of Henle creates the
gradient
True or False. The significant presence of red blood cells in the
urine is normal and healthy
The main solute component of urine is:
Urea
Glucose
Agglutin
Urobilinogen
Which of the following is INCORRECT?
Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of Na+
Aldosterone stimulates the secretion of K+
Aldosterone affects water reabsorption
Aldosterone is made in the hypothalamus and released from the
anterior pituitary
The majority of reabsorption occurs in the:
Renal capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Which of the following is found in the renal medulla?
Renal pacemaker cells
Islets of Langerhans
DCT
Loop of Henle
Which of the following would NOT be secreted from the ISF into the
filtrate?
Organic acids
Amino acids
Organic bases
Creatinine
Urine with a high concentration of C6H12O6
is:
Normal because this compound is filtered and secreted but not
reabsorbed
Normal because this compound is filtered and reabsorbed but not
secreted
Abnormal because this compound is filtered and secreted but not
reabsorbed
Abnormal because this compound is filtered and reabsorbed but not
secreted
Which of the following is incorrect concerning ADH?
Its production is regulated by plasma osmolarity
Its activity is affected by alcohol
It acts on the collecting duct and decreases its permeability to
water
It is stored in the posterior pituitary
Which of the following is NOT a unit of the nephron?
What is the order filtrate follows as it flows through the nephron?
The kidneys are located:
Retroperitoneally
Only within the epigastric region
Superior to the liver
2 of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is a function of the kidneys?
Release of hormones
Maintenance of plasma pH
Maintenance of plasma [electrolyte]
Gluconeogenesis
All of the above
2 of the above
Which of the following is part of the renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus
PCT
DCT
Collecting duct
The functional unit of the kidney is the ____________.
Which of the following is NOT a stage in urine formation?
Glomerular filtration
Glomerular secretion
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
Which of the following is not a means of regulating GFR?
Regulation via skeletal muscle
Regulation via smooth muscle
Hormonal regulation
Neuronal regulation
Increased sympathetic stimulation of afferent arterioles results in:
Increased filtrate volume per unit time
Decreased filtrate volume per unit time
Increased GFR
Decreased ANP release by macula densa cells
Renin is produced by the:
Mesangial cells
Macula densa
Principal cells ofhe DCT
Juxtaglomerular cells
The nephron is: a. the site of urine storage b. the functional unit of the kidney c. the site where ADH is produced d. also called the "Bowman's capsule"
Which of the following is NOT a stage of urine formation: a. glomerular filtration b. glomerular secretion c. tubular secretion d. tubular reabsorption
Which of the following is NOT a means of regulating glomerular
filtration: a. muscular regulation b. renal autoregulation c. hormonal regulation d. neuronal regulation
Increased sympathetic nervous system stimulation of afferent
arterioles results in: a. decreased filtrate production b. increased filtrate production c. no change in filtration rate d. increased kidney function
Renin is produced by: a. the glomerulus b. macula densa c. proximal convuluted tubule d. juxtaglomerular cells
The function of the macula densa cells is to: a. prevent water reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle b. add bicarbonate ions to the tubular filtrate c. secrete renin in response to decreased afferent arteriole pressure d. monitor NaCl concentration in the filtrate e. reabsorb Na+ ions into blood from the filtrate
Atrial naturiuretic peptide works to: a. increase afferent arteriole pressure b. increase blood flow to the kidney c. enhance the effects of ADH d. inhibit the effects of aldosterone e. increase blood volume
If the level of aldosterone in the blood increases, then: a. less sodium is excreted in the urine b. less potassium is excreted in the urine c. systemic blood pressure will decrease d. glomerular filtration will decrease e. both c and d
The most important function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is
to: a. secrete water and sodium into the filtrate b. reabsorb sodium c. generate bicarbonate ions in response to decreased blood pH d. secrete renin in response to decreased renal blood pressure or blood
flow e. constrict the afferent arterioles and decrease sodium reabsorption
If the diameter of the afferent arteriole is smaller than the
diameter of the efferent arteriole, then: a. the net filtration pressure will decrease b. blood pressure in the glomerulus will decrease c. GFR will increase d. a and b only e. a, b and c
From the distal convoluted tubule, filtrate will then be carried to
the: a. renal corpuscle b. collecting duct c. nephron loop d. proximal convoluted tubule e. glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
In a patient who is dehydrated from vomiting and diarrhea, which is
likely to be higher than normal in blood: a. ADH only b. aldosterone only c. ANP only d. both ADH and aldosterone e. both ADH and ANP
All of the following are normally found in urine except: a. glucose b. sodium ions c. uric acid d. urea e. creatinine
In some autoimmune diseases, capillaries may become damaged
resulting in and high levels of albumin proteins and blood cells appearing
in the urine. Which region of the nephron contains capillaries that, when
damaged, could cause this appearance in urine: a. renal glomerulus b. proximal convoluted tubule c. nephron loop d. distal tubule
82) The outermost
covering of the kidney is the _____.
A)
cortex
B)
medulla
C)
pelvis
D)
capsule
83)
The kidneys are located in the _____ space.
A)
pelvic cavity
B)
peritoneal cavity
C)
abdominal
D)
retroperitoneal
84)
The entrance into the kidney is called the _____.
A)
sinus
B)
renal column
C)
hilum
D)
pyramid
85)
Which structure is the first to collect the urine?
A)
pelvis
B)
calyx
C)
ureter
D)
urethra
86)
Each minor calyx receives urine from the _____.
A)
renal papillae
B)
pelvis
C)
ureter
D)
columns
87)
The renal pyramids are located within the _____.
A)
column
B)
cortex
C)
medulla
D)
pelvis
88)
The striated appearance of the pyramids is caused by _____.
A)
parallel blood vessels
B)
microtubules
C)
connective tissue
D)
nerve fibers
89)
What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?
A)
alveolus
B)
renal pyramid
C)
renal pelvis
D)
nephron
90)
The kidney secretes _____ for the purpose of stimulating bone marrow
activity.
A)
renin
B)
aldosterone
C)
erythropoietin
D)
somatomedin
91)
The kidney secretes _____, which is an enzyme-hormone that raises
blood pressure.
A)
aldosterone
B)
renin
C)
angiotensinogen
D)
angiotensin II
92)
What is the function of the renal system?
A)
maintain blood pH
B)
regulate blood pressure
C)
control blood concentration
D)
all of these
93)
How much of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys?
A)
10%
B)
25%
C)
50%
D)
65%
94)
Which blood vessel delivers blood to the cortex?
A)
interlobular artery
B)
arcuate artery
C)
interlobar artery
D)
efferent arteriole
95)
The renal corpuscle is comprised of a glomerulus and _____.
A)
proximal convoluted tubule
B)
Bowman's capsule
C)
loop of Henle
D)
distal convoluted tubule
96)
Which section of the nephron is after the ascending limb of the loop
of Henle?
A)
descending limb of the loop
B)
proximal convoluted tubule
C)
distal convoluted tubule
D)
collecting duct
97)
The last part of a nephron is the _____.
A)
collecting duct
B)
renal papilla
C)
distal convoluted tubule
D)
glomerulus
98)
Which area actually secretes renin into the blood?
A)
macula densa
B)
juxtaglomerular apparatus
C)
juxtaglomerular cells
D)
cortical nephron
99)
Which blood vessel conveys blood out of the nephron?
A)
efferent arteriole
B)
vasa recta
C)
peritubular capillary
D)
interlobular vein
100)
Which blood vessels surround the loops of Henle?
A)
vasa recta
B)
peritubular capillaries
C)
interlobular arteries
D)
efferent arterioles
101)
Which process is most affected by blood pressure?
A)
tubular secretion
B)
tubular reabsorption
C)
glomerular filtration
D)
loop of Henle diffusion
102)
Which of the following are not found in the glomerular filtrate?
A)
glucose
B)
protein
C)
uric acid
D)
creatinine
103)
Which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys?
A)
urea
B)
uric acid
C)
creatine
D)
creatinine
104)
Which of these has the highest concentration in the urine?
A)
glucose
B)
sodium
C)
uric acid
D)
phosphate
105)
Which ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium?
A)
chloride
B)
potassium
C)
calcium
D)
magnesium
106)
What is the average glomerular filtration rate?
A)
10L per day
B)
180L per day
C)
1,500 ml per day
D)
1 ml per minute
107)
Which of the following is usually not found in the urine?
A)
magnesium
B)
urea
C)
uric acid
D)
glucose
108)
How much urine is formed in 24 hours?
A)
12 liters
B)
100 ml
C)
1.5L
D)
3,000cc
109)
Renin acts on _____ to convert it to angiotensin I.
A)
angiotensin II
B)
angiotensinogen
C)
ACE
D)
aldosterone
110)
The targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and _____.
A)
nerves
B)
adrenal cortex
C)
adrenal medulla
D)
kidney nephron
111)
Tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubules into the _____.
A)
loop of Henle
B)
peritubular capillaries
C)
renal corpuscle
D)
renal pyramid
112)
Most tubular reabsorption occurs at the _____.
A)
loop of Henle
B)
distal convoluted tubule
C)
proximal convoluted tubule
D)
glomerulus
113)
Where are most microvilli found?
A)
loop of Henle
B)
distal convoluted tubule
C)
loop of Henle
D)
proximal convoluted tubule
114)
Which of the following occurred by active transport?
A)
albumin in the urine
B)
creatine in the urine
C)
reabsorption of water at
the proximal tubule
D)
reabsorption of amino acids
115)
Which of these does not operate under a renal threshold mechanism?
A)
creatine
B)
ascorbic acid
C)
sodium
D)
citric acid
116)
The action of aldosterone is to increase _____.
A)
sodium elimination
B)
sodium reabsorption
C)
potassium reabsorption
D)
chloride excretion
117)
How much sodium is actively reabsorbed by the proximal segment of
the nephron?
A)
10%
B)
1%
C)
70%
D)
99%
118)
The countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at the _____.
A)
proximal convoluted tubule
B)
loop of Henle
C)
distal convoluted tubule
D)
collecting ducts
119)
The fluid in the descending limb of the loop of Henle is _____
relative to the capillaries.
A)
isotonic
B)
weakly hypotonic
C)
strongly hypotonic
D)
hypertonic
120)
The function of the countercurrent multiplier is to _____.
A)
increase the concentration
of NaCl
B)
decrease the concentration
of NaCl
C)
change the blood levels of
potassium
D)
conserve potassium
121)
What affect does ADH have on urine output?
A)
minimal
B)
increases
C)
decreases
D)
maintains
122)
Where does ADH have its greatest effect?
A)
loop of Henle
B)
proximal convoluted tubule
C)
distal convoluted tubule
D)
glomerulus
123)
Eating large amounts of meat will increase the levels of _____ in
the blood.
A)
protein
B)
creatinine
C)
urea
D)
uric acid
124)
Uric acid results from _____ metabolism.
A)
protein
B)
carbohydrate
C)
purine
D)
pyrimidine
125)
Renal secretion of a compound usually occurs from the _____ into the
distal convoluted tubule.
A)
loop of Henle
B)
glomerulus
C)
vasa recta
D)
peritubular capillaries
126)
Which of these is not usually secreted by the kidneys?
A)
creatine
B)
creatinine
C)
H+
D)
penicillin
127)
The compound used to assess the function of the kidney at the level
of the glomerulus is _____.
A)
creatinine
B)
inulin
C)
para-aminohippuric acid
D)
creatine
128)
Which of these could appear in the urine from dieting or the
utilization of excess lipids?
A)
urea
B)
uric acid
C)
glycine
D)
ketone
129)
Vigorous exercise could release high amounts of _____ into the
urine.
A)
glucose
B)
uric acid
C)
albumin
D)
ascorbic acid
130)
What causes urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder?
A)
gravity
B)
hydrostatic pressure
C)
peristalsis
D)
osmotic pressure
131)
Renal calculi are usually comprised of the following except which
one?
A)
calcium oxalate
B)
cholesterol
C)
uric acid
D)
magnesium phosphate
132)
The mucosa of the bladder is comprised of _____.
A)
smooth muscle
B)
squamous epithelium
C)
transitional epithelium
D)
simple columnar epithelium
133)
Which of these is under voluntary control?
A)
urethra
B)
detrusor muscle
C)
internal sphincter
D)
external sphincter
134)
The micturition reflex is centered in the _____.
A)
medulla
B)
sacral cord
C)
hypothalamus
D)
lumbar cord
135)
Choose the statement that does not correctly characterize the
kidneys.
A)
The kidneys are positioned
retroperitoneally.
B)
The right kidney is usually
1.5 to 2 centimeters higher than the left one.
C)
The kidney is padded by a
layer of fat.
D)
Inside the kidney there is
a hollow chamber called the renal sinus.
136)
The granular appearance of the renal cortex is due to
________________.
A)
the positioning of blood
vessels within this area
B)
polycystic kidney disease
C)
the random distribution of
nephrons in this area
D)
the positioning of the
renal columns
137)
Which of these is not a function of the kidneys?
A)
The kidneys deactivate
vitamin D and stimulate the activity of osteoclasts.
B)
The kidneys help control
the rate of red blood cell production.
C)
The kidneys help to
regulate blood pressure.
D)
The kidneys regulate the
composition, volume, and pH of body fluids.
138)
The final branches of the interlobular arteries give rise to the
_________________ that carry blood to the nephrons.
A)
interlobar arteries
B)
arciform arteries
C)
efferent arterioles
D)
afferent arterioles
139)
Choose the one trait that does not characterize the structure of a
nephron.
A)
There are two coiled
portions of the renal tubule.
B)
The glomerular capsule
contains podocytes and slit pores.
C)
Blood that will be filtered
flows into the glomerular capsule.
D)
Several nephron tubules
merge to form a collecting duct.
140)
The concentrations of substances in the plasma, in the glomerular
filtrate, and in urine differ in what way?
A)
Plasma contains the most
water, glomerular filtrate contains less water, and urine
contains the least.
B)
Plasma and glomerular
filtrate are virtually identical, but urine contains
proportionately more waste products.
C)
Plasma differs from
glomerular filtrate and urine, which have virtually
identical concentrations of substances.
D)
All three have the same
concentrations of nutrients and waste materials, but differ
in the amount of proteinaceous material they contain.
141)
Which force favors filtration?
A)
glomerular capillary
hydrostatic pressure
B)
capsular hydrostatic
pressure
C)
glomerular capillary
osmotic pressure
D)
capsular osmotic pressure
142)
Which factor does not affect glomerular filtration rate?
A)
blood pressure
B)
osmotic pressure of the
glomerular filtrate
C)
plasma osmotic pressure
D)
concentration of leukocytes
in the blood
143)
Juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete
_______________ when _______________.
144)
Tubular reabsorption is responsible for retaining nutrients the body
requires. Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the _______________
where microvilli, and their numerous carrier proteins, increase the
surface area available for reabsorption.
A)
distal convoluted tubule
B)
proximal convoluted tubule
C)
collecting duct
D)
nephron loop
145)
Most small proteins are reabsorbed by _______________.
A)
active transport
B)
osmosis
C)
facilitated diffusion
D)
pinocytosis
146)
Within the renal tubule, two hormones play a role in determining the
final volume and sodium concentration of the urine. The hormone
_______________ regulates sodium reabsorption, while
________________ regulates water reabsorption.
A)
aldosterone; antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)
B)
cortisol; atrial
natriuretic peptide
C)
renin; angiotensin II
D)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH);
epinephrine
147)
Why is the plant compound known as inulin the best substance to use
to measure renal clearance?
A)
Inulin tastes good, so
patients are more apt to be cooperative.
B)
Inulin is neither
reabsorbed or actively secreted into the filtrate.
C)
Inulin colors the filtrate
and thus facilitates scanning of the kidney.
D)
Inulin is readily available
and inexpensive, and thus makes measuring renal clearance
fairly simple.
148)
Peristaltic muscular contractions are important for conveying urine
through the excretory system, much like peristalsis in the digestive
tract. Peristalsis of the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder is
controlled by ______________.
A)
conscious control of the
skeletal muscle
B)
sympathetic nervous
impulses
C)
parasympathetic nervous
impulses
D)
impulses from the cerebral
cortex
149)
In males as well as in females, the external urethral sphincter is
made up of skeletal muscle, and is thus under voluntary control.
Where is the external urethral sphincter located in males?
A)
within the urogenital
diaphragm
B)
within the penile urethra
C)
at the external urethral
orifice
D)
within the prostatic
urethra
150)
Which structure is last in the sequence of urine flow?
A)
ureter
B)
kidney
C)
bladder
D)
urethra
151)
The outermost structure of a kidney is the _____.
A)
cortex
B)
medulla
C)
capsule
D)
pelvis
152)
What is the main factor that causes urine to enter the urinary
bladder?
A)
pressure
B)
peristalsis
C)
gravity
D)
osmosis
153)
What is the main factor that promotes bladder infections in the
female?
A)
length of urethra
B)
presence of bacteria in
rectum
C)
hygiene
D)
dietary factors
154)
Which system functions in the excretion of soluble nitrogenous
wastes?
A)
gastrointestinal
B)
pulmonary
C)
urinary
D)
integumentary
155)
The pyramids are areas located within the _____ of the kidney.
A)
cortex
B)
pelvis
C)
capsule
D)
medulla
156)
The ureter directly receives urine from the _____ of the kidney.
A)
cortex
B)
pelvis
C)
medulla
D)
pyramid
157)
The structure which receives the filtrate from the glomerulus is the
_____.
A)
proximal convoluted tubule
B)
distal convoluted tubule
C)
Bowman capsule
D)
loop of Henle
158)
Which vessel directs blood into the glomerulus?
A)
renal artery
B)
afferent arteriole
C)
efferent arteriole
D)
peritubular capillaries
159)
In which area can the term urine be correctly used?
A)
Bowman's capsule
B)
collecting duct
C)
nephron
D)
loop of Henle
160)
Where does most selective reabsorption occur?
A)
loop of Henle
B)
glomerulus
C)
distal convoluted tubule
D)proximal convoluted tubule
161)
Chronic glomerulonephritis is usually a renal infection associated
with streptococcal bacteria.
A)
True
B)
False
162)
The glomerulus most closely resembles an area of capillaries.
A)
True
B)
False
163)
An increase in the level of blood urea usually indicates renal or
liver dysfunction.
A)
True
B)
False
164)
High blood pressure is inversely proportional to the rate of urine
formation.
A)
True
B)
False
165)
The capsular hydrostatic pressure is usually higher than the
glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
A)
True
B)
False
166)
A drug that is an ACE inhibitor will lower blood pressure by
inhibiting conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
A)
True
B)
False
167)
During trauma with significant loss of blood, the release of renin
will be inhibited.
A)
True
B)
False
168)
The kidneys have the capability of controlling their own blood flow
independent of general controls for circulation of organs such as
the pancreas.
A)
True
B)
False
169)
The reason that most persons only have trace amounts of albumin in
the urine is that most of it is returned to the blood by
reabsorption.
A)
True
B)
False
170)
The appearance of glycosuria indicates that the renal plasma
threshold has been exceeded.
A)
True
B)
False
171)
Vitamin C will appear in the urine when an excess is consumed in the
diet or supplements.
A)
True
B)
False
172)
The nephrotic syndrome usually causes hypoproteinemia, proteinuria
and generalized edema.
A)
True
B)
False
173)
Ions such as chloride usually passively follow the movement of
cations to achieve electrical balance.
A)
True
B)
False
174)
Water will move from a hypotonic to a hypertonic area by osmosis.
A)
True
B)
False
175)
An increase in ADH production will tend to make the blood more
hypertonic.
A)
True
B)
False
176)
Excessive sweating will usually cause a person to withhold their
secretion of ADH.
A)
True
B)
False
177)
Aldosterone and ADH tend to have the same effect on blood
concentration.
A)
True
B)
False
178)
Gout is a disease that causes uric acid crystals to form in joints.
A)
True
B)
False
179)
The secretion of H+ and reabsorption of bicarbonate
anions are important pH regulating mechanisms of the kidney.
A)
True
B)
False
180)
PAH is a plasma clearance test that can be used to assess plasma
flow through the kidneys.
A)
True
B)
False
181)
Infants have a greater probability of dehydrating than adults.
A)
True
B)
False
182)
Cystitis could spread from the bladder to the kidneys through the
urethra.
A)
True
B)
False
183)
The membranous urethra is the portion found in males as well as
females.
A)
True
B)
False
184)
In the female, the urinary bladder lies posterior to the uterus and
vagina.
A)
True
B)
False
185)
It is normal for urine and semen to mix in the male.
A)
True
B)
False
186)
Renal calculi are commonly comprised of urea and calcium salt
precipitates.
A)
True
B)
False
187)
The internal urethral sphincter is totally under parasympathetic,
autonomic control.
A)
True
B)
False
188)
Persons with spinal cord damage in the lumbar area will no longer
have urination reflexes.
A)
True
B)
False
189)
There are about one million nephrons in each kidney.
